Modernization Madrid Трек на GPSies
From the
late 19th century until the Civil War, Madrid modernized and built new
neighborhoods and monuments, both in the capital and in neighboring towns. In
the mid-19th century the expansion of Madrid developed under the Plan Castro, resulting in the
neighborhoods of Salamanca, Argüelles and Chamberí. Arturo Soria conceived the linear city and built the first few
kilometers of the road that bears his name, which embodies the idea. Antonio Palacios build a series of
eclectic buildings inspired by the Viennese Secession. Some examples are the Palace of Communication (Palacio de
Comunicaciones), the Fine Arts Circle of
Madrid (Círculo de Bellas Artes) and the
Río de La Plata Bank (Instituto Cervantes).
Plan Castro
Ensanche
means "widening" in Spanish. It is used to name the development areas
of Spanish cities around the end of the 19th century, when the demographic
explosion and the Industrial Revolution prompted the tearing down of the old
city wall and the construction of neighborhoods under grid plans.
The program
of city extensions in Spain began simultaneously in 1860 with the plans for
Barcelona by Ildefons Cerdà and Madrid by Carlos María de Castro,[1] influenced
by Haussmann's transformation of Paris from 1852 (and, in turn, have been said
to have influenced Haussmann's later projects). Those ensanches extended cities
beyond their traditional limits by demolishing city walls, transforming
riverbanks and subdividing the extramuros – rural land outside the city walls.
Ensanches were generally based on principles articulated by Cerdà.[2] These
included reserving significant open space by requiring mid-block open space and
whole block parks. The height of buildings was set by reference to the width of
the adjacent street. Many of these requirements were modified, and the building
volumes increased, by later amendments beginning in 1864 (Madrid).
Palacio de Cibeles
Like the
eighteenth century fountain in front of it, the palace has become an emblematic
monument of the city. However, since 2007 it no longer serves its original
function. There is a post office in part of the building, but Correos
headquarters has moved to Campo de las Naciones and the Postal and Telegraphic
Museum to Aravaca. Now it is the seat of the Madrid City Council. The mail
sorting office has been converted to serve as the council chamber.
Círculo de Bellas Artes
is a
private, non-profit, cultural organization that was founded in 1880. It has
played a major role of international scope in the field of cultural creation and
diffusion.
The CBA is
a major multidisciplinary centre with one of the most active cultural
programmes in Madrid. It has exhibition rooms, a cinema, a theatre, concert
halls, lecture halls, artists’ workshops, a library, a cafeteria, a shop and
many other facilities. Every day it puts on activities to do with the visual
arts, music, film, the stage, literature, science, philosophy and poetry.
The
building which houses the Círculo de Bellas Artes was designed by the architect
Antonio Palacios and constructed in 1926. It is an emblematic building and from
its rooftop you can enjoy some of the best views of Spain’s capital city.
Edificio
de Las Cariátides (Caryatid Building Instituto Cervantes)
is a
building by Spanish architect Antonio Palacios. The building was later the head
office of the Central Bank and later of the Santander Bank. As of 2006 it is
the headquarters of the Instituto Cervantes.
Alcalá
street, one of the oldest streets in Madrid, which ends at the Puerta del Sol,
at the beginning of the 20th century, points to a relevant financial center in
the city. The demolitions of the Nueva Gran Vía in 1911 already indicate the
beginnings of important urban transformations in the capital. The collaboration
of two young architects Antonio Palacios and Joaquín Otamendi, initiated in
1904, already has several previous successes. The success of both engineers
begins when winning adepts after winning in the municipal public contest of the
Palace of Communications. It is noteworthy that the architecture of Madrid is
dominated at the beginning of the 20th century by the existence of banks and
churches. This building is a novelty that is the first office to be built in
Madrid. These types of buildings are typical in American cities like Boston and
Chicago or in England.
Palacio de Cristal
is a glass
and metal structure located in Madrid's Buen Retiro Park. It was built in 1887
on the occasion of the Exposition of the Philippines, held in the same year,
then a Spanish colonial possession. The architect was Ricardo Velázquez Bosco.
The Palacio
de Cristal, in the shape of a Greek cross, is made almost entirely of glass set
in an iron framework on a brick base, which is decorated with ceramics. Its
cupola makes the structure over 22 metres high. When it was erected, glass and
iron construction on a large scale was already to be seen in Madrid at Delicias
station (1880), the work of a French architect. However the curved architecture
of the Palacio de Cristal is more comparable to the techniques pioneered by the
British architects Joseph Paxton (who was responsible for London's Crystal
Palace) and Decimus Burton (who was responsible for the Palm House at Kew
Gardens).
The
cast-iron frame was manufactured in Bilbao. The structure was designed in a way
that would allow it to be re-erected on another site (as happened to the
equivalent building in London). However, the building has remained on the
original site, next to a lake, and has been restored to its original
appearance. It is no longer used as a greenhouse, and is currently used for art
exhibits.
Bank of Spain
Originally
named the Banco Nacional de San Carlos,
it was founded in 1782 by Charles III, to stabilize government finances through
its state bonds (vales reales). Although it aided the state, the bank was
initially owned privately by stockholders. Its assets included those of
"Spanish capitalists, French rentiers, and surprisingly, several
treasuries of Indian communities in New Spain" (colonial Mexico). Its
first director was French banker François Cabarrus, known in Spain as Francisco
Cabarrús.
Almudena Cathedra
is a Catholic church in neo-Gothic style with neo-Romanesque cloister. When the capital of Spain was transferred from
Toledo to Madrid in 1561, the seat of the Church in Spain remained in Toledo
and the new capital had no cathedral. Plans to build a cathedral in Madrid
dedicated to the Virgin of Almudena were discussed as early as the 16th century
but even though Spain built more than 40 cities in the new world during that
century and plenty of cathedrals, the cost of expanding and keeping the Empire
came first and the construction of Madrid's cathedral was postponed. Making the
cathedral the largest that the world had ever seen was then a priority, all
other main Spanish cities had centuries old cathedrals, Madrid also has old
churches but the construction of Almudena only began in 1879.
The
cathedral seems to have been built on the site of a medieval mosque that was
destroyed in 1083 when Alfonso VI reconquered Madrid.
Francisco
de Cubas, the Marquis of Cubas, designed and directed the construction in a
Gothic revival style. Construction ceased completely during the Spanish Civil
War, and the project was abandoned until 1950, when Fernando Chueca Goitia (es)
adapted the plans of de Cubas to a baroque exterior to match the grey and white
façade of the Palacio Real, which stands directly opposite. The cathedral was
not completed until 1993, when it was consecrated by Pope John Paul II. On May
22, 2004, the marriage of King Felipe VI, then crown prince, to Letizia Ortiz
Rocasolano took place at the cathedral.
The
Neo-Gothic interior is uniquely modern, with chapels and statues of
contemporary artists, in heretogeneous styles, from historical revivals to
"pop-art" decor. The Blessed Sacrament Chapel features mosaic from
known artist Fr. Marko Ivan Rupnik.
The
Neo-Romanesque crypt houses a 16th-century image of the Virgen de la Almudena.
Nearby along the Calle Mayor excavations have unearthed remains of Moorish and
medieval city walls.
Atocha railway station
At this
site, Madrid's first railway station was inaugurated on 9 February 1851 under
the name Estación de Mediodía (Atocha-Mediodía is now the name of an area of
the Arganzuela district, and means south in old Spanish).
After the
building was largely destroyed by fire, it was rebuilt and reopened in 1892.
The architect for the replacement, in a wrought
iron renewal style was Alberto de Palacio Elissagne, who collaborated with
Gustave Eiffel. Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon (less than
0.08%) content in contrast to cast iron (2.1% to 4%). It is a semi-fused mass
of iron with fibrous slag inclusions (up to 2% by weight), which gives it a
"grain" resembling wood that is visible when it is etched or bent to
the point of failure. The Eiffel tower is constructed from puddled iron, a form
of wrought iron.
The name Atocha has become attached to the
station because of the nearby basilica dedicated to Our Lady of Atocha. The
train platforms were partly covered by a roof in the form of inverted hull with
a height of approximately 27 meters and length of 157 meters. The steel and
glass roof spreads between two brick flanking (граничащих) buildings.
This
complex of railway tracks expanded through the years. In 1985, a project of
complete remodeling began, based on designs by Rafael Moneo. In 1992, the
original building was taken out of service as a terminal, and converted into a
concourse with shops, cafés, and a nightclub. Like the Orsay Museum in Paris,
the concourse has been given a new function, this time a stunning 4,000 m2 covered
tropical garden.
A modern
terminal was also designed by Moneo, and built in adjacent land to serve both
the new AVE trains and local commuter lines. The main lines end in the new
terminal; commuter train platforms are located underground, at the ingress to a
rail tunnel extending northward under the Paseo de la Castellana. The station
is served by two Madrid Metro stations, Atocha and Atocha Renfe. The latter was
added when the new terminal building was constructed and is directly linked to
the railway station.
On 11 March
2004, packed arriving commuter trains were bombed in a series of coordinated
bombings, killing 191 people and wounding 1,800. The official investigation by
the Spanish Judiciary determined the attacks were directed by a terrorist cell.
Palace of Longoria
is an Art
Nouveau palace that the politician and financier Francisco Javier González
Longoria ordered to be built in the district of Chueca, at the corner of
Fernando VI and Pelayo streets, in the city of Madrid, Spain. Together with the
House of Gallardo (Spanish: Casa Gallardo) in the Plaza de España, it is
Madrid's most notable example of modernist architecture. Longoria contracted the Catalán architect José
Grases Riera to design and build it in 1902. The Palace is currently the headquarters of the Spanish General Society
of Authors and Editors SGAE.
House of Gallardo
Las Ventas
is a famous
bullring. This bullring was designed by the architect José Espeliú in the
Neo-Mudéjar (Moorish) style with ceramic incrustations. The seats are situated
in ten "tendidos". The price of the seats depends upon how close they
are to the arena and whether they are in the sun or the shade (the latter being
more expensive). The bullfighting season starts in March and ends in October;
bullfights are held every day during the San Isidro Fiesta, and every Sunday or
holiday during the season. Bullfights start at 6 or 7pm and last for two to
three hours.
Market of San Miguel
is a
covered market originally built in 1916, it was purchased by private investors
in 2003 who renovated the iron structure and reopened it in 2009. The market is
not a traditional grocery market but a gourmet tapas market, with over 30
different vendors selling a wide variety of freshly prepared tapas, hams, olives,
baked goods and other foods. Beer, wine and champagne are also
available.
Delicias Railway Station (Museo del Ferrocarril)
is one of
the largest historic railroad collections in Europe. It is housed in a
redundant railway station called Madrid-Delicias in the barrio (соседство или
часть муниципалитета) of Delicias.
The
building is not to be confused with the station opened in 1996 by Cercanías
Madrid called Delicias.
The station
was opened in March 1880 by King Alfonso XII and Queen Maria Cristina. It was
commissioned by a short-lived railway company, the Compañía de los Caminos de
Hierro de Ciudad Real a Badajoz, which had recently opened a line from Ciudad
Real to the capital. One reason for the choice of Delicias as the site of the terminus (конечная или начальная станция) was the proximity of an existing
line, the Ferrocarril de contorno de Madrid, which served industrial areas of
Madrid.
In the year
the station was opened, the railway company was absorbed by a larger rival,
MZA. MZA had the use of Atocha station, and did not need Delicias station, and
transferred it to a third company, the Compañía de los Ferrocarriles de Madrid
a Cáceres y Portugal. An international service to Portugal was developed, but
the station never achieved a high volume of passengers, and it closed to
passenger traffic in 1969.
As a terminus, the station had separate
facilities for arriving and departing passengers. However, the most impressive
feature is the iron-framed train shed covered by a single-span roof. The building was designed by a French engineer,
Émile Cachelièvre. It has been suggested that he was influenced by Henri de
Dion's Galerie des Machines, one of the metallic buildings erected for the
Exposition Universelle (1878) in Paris.
Gran Vía
(literally
"Great Way") is an ornate and upscale
shopping street located in central Madrid.
Today the street is known as the Spanish Broadway, and it is one of the streets
with the most nightlife in Europe. It is known as the street that never
sleeps.
In the mid
19th century, Madrid's urban planners decided that a new thoroughfare had to be
created, connecting the Calle de Alcalá with the Plaza de España. The project
required many buildings in the centre of the city to be demolished, earning it
the name of 'an axe blow on the map'. Decades after the first plans were made,
construction still hadn't started and the media ridiculed the project,
cynically calling it the 'Gran Vía' or 'Great Way' or 'Big Way'. Finally in 1904
it was approved and construction started in 1910. The last part of the street
was completed in 1929.
The new
road created opportunities for architects, who had the ability to create large
buildings in the latest architectural styles. The Metropolis building is
built in French style and the Edificio Grassy is eclectic, while Telefónica
Building is art deco, with baroque ornaments. The Carrión (or Capitol)
Building is expressionist, and the Palace of the Press, another example of art
deco.
***
The Civil
War severely damaged the city including University City, which was one of the
most beautiful architectural complexes of the time. Subsequently, unscrupulous
mayors[citation needed] would destroy the old town and the Ensanche, in a city
which until the war was a good example of urban planning and architecture.
Numerous blocks of flats with no value were built.
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